Vegeta may have been sold shortest (haha) of everyone. Toyotaro was doing something very cool and ambitious with Vegeta, which was really pulled into focus from the Moro and Granolah arcs, but was sadly cut short due to the sudden swerve into the Super Hero adaptation. Toyotaro was committed to expanding Vegeta's characterisation beyond simply being Goku's eternal rival/sidekick.

I wouldn't necessarily say Toriyama "regressed" Vegeta's character, as many claim, but I think he did turn the rival dynamic into an overused crutch, which led to Vegeta feeling like a superfluous addition to several stories. When you look at the last modern Dragon Ball projects primarily authored by Toriyama, Vegeta headlines with the memorable "aura-farming" scenes, but what does he really contribute, narratively? In Daima, Vegeta has so little stake in the central conflicts that he's literally relegated to Bulma's B-team. In Super Hero, Vegeta's rivalry with Goku is the butt of a post-credit joke.
Toyotaro instead dissects Vegeta's uncertain place in this universe with a surprising degree of maturity and psychological depth. Vegeta isn't the only character to benefit from this, but since he is practically in the dictionary definition for the phrase "character development", it's only fitting that he reaps the most. The Broly movie establishes that Vegeta now has a clear motivation to increase his strength, beyond petty one-upmanship with Goku: to be prepared for the threat posed by Freeza.
The manga expands on this by focusing on Vegeta's struggle to find an independent path to power; essentially, his second major "midlife crisis" arc after that ill-fated business with Babidi. However, Vegeta's insecure need to stand apart from Goku ironically highlights his inability to leave his rival's shadow. He travels to Yardrat to learn Spirit Control, which is framed as Vegeta stubbornly forging his own path, but... he's literally just re-treading Goku's. In all fairness, he manages to find the perfect countermove to Moro, and he only loses because of his own showboating and guilty conscience clouding his judgement (also, he neglected the baby's-first-steps Spirit Control technique simply because he couldn't bear to be seen to be copying Goku, which is still funny to me).
Feeling wayward from his humiliating choke in the Moro arc, Vegeta instead turns to Beerus. On the one hand, Beerus teaches Vegeta a valuable lesson about the uselessness of dwelling on the Saiyans' past sins. On the other, Beerus is... just the shittiest martial arts mentor you could ever ask for. Vegeta's big takeaway from this training arc (mostly consisting of Beerus hurling debris for him to destroy) is a fancy new hair-dye transformation, which he self-styles as a deliberate contrast to Goku's Ultra Instinct.
Ultra Ego ultimately comes off as a watered-down parody of Ultra Instinct, with a dose of the old Saiyan motto of "I'll get stronger from all this catastrophic organ failure". Despite all that hype, Vegeta couldn't obtain a single victory with it. Worse, his anxiety about Freeza is validated, and the gap between them is larger than they ever imagined.
I find myself wondering about the trajectory of Vegeta's arc after this. His attempts to prove himself as Goku's equal and opposite were ill-conceived. Although he's stronger than ever, he's possibly at his lowest point in terms of morale. The Super Hero movie had a scene of Vegeta contemplating the truth behind Jiren's strength. I'm trying to imagine how a future Super arc would deal with Vegeta continuing to find new ways of strengthening both his body and mind, rather than slavishly mirroring Goku every step of the way.
It's truly sad that the story just splutters out there, with the open-ended denouement of the Granolah arc still unresolved. It's not just about what Freeza may do with his newfound power - it's about how the heroes are gonna deal with this problem. This may be a hurdle that raw power alone cannot overcome - emulating the conclusion that can be drawn from the end of the Majin Buu arc.
There are plenty of other characters that had potential to go places. Jiren lost the ideological war about the meaning of strength in the Tournament of Power, so it would have been amazing to see how much his encounter with Goku changed his outlook in a future arc. What's Granolah going to do with his last couple of years alive? What are Dr. Hedo and Gamma #1 up to at Capsule Corp? All these powerful allies across the multiverse waiting for another chance to job... Err, I mean, "shine".
I'm okay with open-ended finales. Hell, the original manga ended this way, yet thematically, it still felt conclusive. Uub was deliberately introduced late enough that nobody would really get too attached to him or wonder what would happen after he flew off on Goku's back. With Super, it instead feels like we've been watching a play through to the end of the second act, with a metric shitload of unfired Chekhov's Guns lying all over the floor... and we're still waiting for a "BANG". What kind of postmodernist fringe festival shit is this? I'd want my money back.
*let's be honest, Toriyama's creative involvement towards the last few arcs seems to have been minimal beyond a few core plot beats, such as Planet Cereal having a Namekian and Dragon Balls. Still, I see that last series of panels from Chapter 103 as a fitting farewell to Toriyama through Piccolo.




