Ginyu Special Force
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| Ginyu Special Force | |
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| ギニュー特戦隊 (Ginyu Tokusentai) | |
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Manga  Anime  | |
| English Name(s) | Ginyu Force (Funimation, Viz) |
| Name Pun | Dairy products |
| Manga Debut | Dragon Ball Chapter 272 |
| Anime Debut | Dragon Ball Z Episode 58 |
| Universe | Universe 7 |
The Ginyu Special Force is a squadron of elite mercenaries under the employ of Freeza. They are first mentioned in Dragon Ball Chapter 264 when they are summoned by Freeza to Planet Namek, and their space pods are seen at the end of chapter 271, but they do not appear until chapter 272, which debuted on 24 April 1990.
Name
The Ginyu Special Force takes its name from its leader, Captain Ginyu himself, and tacking on the 特戦隊 (Tokusentai) descriptor:
- 特 (toku) = special
- 戦 (sen) = battle, fight
- 隊 (tai) = team
Together, these words form:
- 戦隊 (sentai) = fighting team, squadron, fighting force
- 特戦隊 (Tokusentai) = special fighting force, special battle squad, special taskforce
"Sentai" had been in use in Japanese military units dating back to XXXX[1], and was popularized in media with the 1975 television series Himitsu Sentai Gorenger ("Secret Task force Gorenger").
The name of each Ginyu Special Force member is a pun on some type of dairy product.
It's tough coming up with names for a lot of characters. If you group the names into sets, it's easier to think of them. For example, the one in control of the Saiyans and other villainous aliens is Freeza. Strictly speaking, Freeza is "freezer", but I envisioned a refrigerator when I named him. So, I grouped the names according to foods that go inside it. The Saiyans are vegetables [yasai, "vegetables"], and the Ginyu Special Force are dairy products [gyūnyū, "cows' milk"], like that.
— Akira Toriyama, "The Truth About the Dragon Ball Manga" (Dragon Ball Super Exciting Guide: Character Volume)[2]
Ginyu himself is named after the Japanese word for cow's milk. The other members' names deviate from English dairy terms: Reacoom (cream), Butta (butter), Jheese (cheese), and Gurd (yogurt).
Members
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Ginyu (ギニュー)
Ginyu is the captain of the mercenary force bearing his name and its most powerful member by far.[3] His special skill is Body Change, and his iconic horned form is not his original body.[4][5][6] When Son Goku overpowers him, Ginyu steals his body, but he is unable to control it well enough to defeat Vegeta. He then attempts to steal Vegeta's body, but Goku (in Ginyu's body) intercepts the connection, regaining his own body. When Ginyu tries again to take Vegeta's body, Goku tosses a frog in his path.[7] Ginyu lives as a frog for nearly two decades until he manages to steal the body of Tagoma, one of Freeza's new soldiers,[8] but he is killed shortly thereafter by Vegeta.[9] |
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Reacoom (リクーム)
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Butta (バータ)
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Jheese (ジース)
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Gurd (グルド)
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Former Members
Bonyu (グルド)
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Main Continuity
After Freeza learns that Vegeta has attacked a one of Planet Namek's villages and taken a Dragon Ball, and that Zarbon has defeated Vegeta without confirming his death, Freeza decides to summon the Ginyu Special Force.[10] He needs new scouters, after all, since their scouters were destroyed by Muri,[11] and Freeza has always a bad feeling that a Saiyan would be a threat to him. He no longer thinks it will be Vegeta. Zarbon is distressed that Freeza has taken the extreme measure of summoning the Ginyus, but shortly thereafter, he is defeated by Vegeta. Without a scouter, Freeza has no way of knowing what happened to Zarbon, and when he does not return after four days, Freeza regrets not having brought the Ginyus with him in the first place.[12]
The Ginyus arrive five days after they were summoned with pomp and circumstance, and Jheese presents the scouters to Freeza. He orders them to find Vegeta and make him suffer without killing him; Freeza needs Vegeta to reveal where he has hidden his Dragon Ball. Ginyu finds Vegeta quickly on his scouter, and reports the presence of two others with high battle powers. Freeza realizes it is Gohan and Kuririn, the interlopers who rescued Dende from his earlier attack on Muri's village. He tells the Ginyus to kill those two.
The Ginyus intercept Vegeta and co. and realize that they have all seven Dragon Balls. Vegeta tries to throw one of the balls out of range, since the scouters cannot detect them, but Butta flies to catch it, boasting that he is the fastest in the universe. Kuririn tries to destroy the ball he is holding, but Gurd uses his Time Stop technique to take it. The other five balls are where Vegeta left them, behind the Ginyus. Ginyu wants to fight Vegeta, but Reacoom complains that he took the best fight last time, so Ginyu volunteers to take the Dragon Balls to Freeza, and tells them to play a game of Janken to decide who gets who. Reacoom wins Vegeta, and Gurd wins Kuririn and Gohan. Gurd complains, but Reacoom tells him to go first. Vegeta warns the others not to let down their guards. Kuririn and Gohan power up, shocking the Squad members with their increase in battle power, and attack.[13]
Gurd uses Time Stop and Paralysis to gain the advantage on Kuririn and Gohan, but Vegeta interferes and decapitates Gurd. Gurd's head whines about fairness, but Vegeta tells him all is fair in battle, and destroys his head. The other Ginyus are distressed, and Reacoom complains that their special fighting poses will not look as cool with only four members. Vegeta warns the others that the real hell starts now.[14] Reacoom steps up to fight Vegeta, who surprises all of them by powering up to above 20,000. Vegeta puts everything into his first attack, but Reacoom withstands it mostly unscathed.[15] Reacoom continues to dominate Vegeta, but unbeknownst to him, Son Goku is approaching Namek and will land in two minutes.[16] When Reacoom attacks Vegeta with his Eraser Gun, Gohan steps in to save Vegeta while Kuririn attacks Reacoom, but Kuririn is taken out in one blow, and Vegeta is not grateful. Gohan attacks too, to little effect.[17] Nevertheless, he persists until Reacoom breaks his neck. Just then, the Ginyus notice that a ship has landed.[18]
Son Goku arrives at the battlefield and gives Gohan a senzu. Jheese thinks the newcomer might be faster than Butta, but Butta is not impressed with his battle power. They are, however, impressed when Gohan is miraculously healed. Goku gives Kuririn a senzu as well, and after reading his mind, he decides to give the last bean to Vegeta. He then announces that he will handle the Ginyus by himself.[19] Reacoom attacks, but Goku easily dodges him and appears behind Jheese and Butta. He gives them the opportunity to retreat, and returns to the battlefield to face Reacoom. Only Vegeta is able to track his movements. Reacoom attacks Goku again, but Goku defeats him in one punch. Jheese and Butta believe it is some sort of trick, but Vegeta knows better.[20]
Goku again gives them the opportunity to retreat, but they are still convinced it was all a trick, so they attack. Goku only raises his ki at the moment he attacks, and their scouters cannot detect it, so they cannot understand how someone with a battle power of 5,000 is beating them so easily. They devise a plan: Jheese will attack with his Crusher Ball, and Butta will sneak up behind him as he dodges. He is still the fastest in the universe! But Goku easily deflects the attack.[21] Butta asks Goku what he is, exactly, and Goku responds that he is a Saiyan who was raised on Earth. Butta cannot believe that a Saiyan could be so fast, but he tells Goku that no matter how fast he is, he still cannot beat them. Goku offers to demonstrate that he is not just fast. With a kick and an elbow, Butta is knocked out cold. Vegeta warns Goku to finish Butta off, but instead, Goku again offers Jheese the opportunity to escape. Jheese takes him up on it, and Goku is surprised that he abandons his friends on the battlefield. Vegeta quickly kills Butta and Reacoom, ignoring Goku's protests.[22]
Meanwhile, back at Freeza's spaceship Jheese reports the deaths of his comrades to Ginyu, who had assumed it was a scouter malfunction. Ginyu orders Jheese to bury the Dragon Balls, and then they announce their return to the fight with a special pose. Ginyu realizes it is not that impressive with only two of them, which makes him angry. They return to the battlefield, and Ginyu realizes that Goku is a being who can raise his battle power at will. He estimates Goku's power to be around 60,000. Jheese finds this unbelievable for a Saiyan, but Ginyu reminds him that they are mutants, too. And this is the battle he has been waiting for! Goku tells Gohan and Kuririn to go find the Dragon Balls while he fights Ginyu. He tells Vegeta to take Jheese; after his near-death recovery, he should be strong enough. But Vegeta abandons him, distracting Goku enough for Ginyu to attack.[23]
Ginyu gets the first blow, but Goku is determined to finish the fight quickly to prevent Vegeta from stealing the wish. Ginyu informs Goku that he can also raise his battle power at will, but as the fight gets under way, Ginyu realizes Goku is faster than him. Jheese throws a blast at Goku from the sidelines, and Ginyu catches Goku in a hold. Goku thinks he will have to use Kaiō-ken to escape, but as Jheese shouts encouragement, Ginyu releases Goku and scolds Jheese for interfering in his fight. Then he tells Goku to stop hiding his true power, which he now estimates to be about 85,000. So Goku starts powering up, quickly surpassing 110,000.[24] It climbs all the way up to 180,000, far surpassing Ginyu's own battle power of 120,000. Goku warns him that he can go much higher in bursts. Ginyu realizes that Goku must be the legendary Super Saiyan; Jheese recognizes the legend as the one thing Freeza fears. But when Goku once again offers them the opportunity to retreat, Ginyu reassures himself that Goku cannot be the Super Saiyan, whose bloodlust is part of the legend.[25]
Ginyu realizes that he only has one choice left. He tells Jheese to hold on to his scouter. Then he punctures his own chest with his fist. Goku is confused, but then Ginyu performs Body Change, swapping bodies with Goku.[26] Jheese returns his scouter, and they return to Freeza's ship, leaving Goku in Ginyu's injured body.[27] They find that the Dragon Balls have been dug up by someone. Kuririn calls out to Goku, wondering why Jheese has joined him. Kuririn explains that they were not able to make a wish because the Namekian Dragon Balls need a different invocation than the one they know. Then Kuririn notices that Goku is wearing a scouter. Gohan shouts out to warn him that it is not actually Goku, but too late; Ginyu punches Kuririn in the face.
Ginyu explains that they switched bodies, and together, Ginyu and Jheese announce themselves with a special pose. Ginyu attacks, and then Goku arrives at the ship in Ginyu's body. He tells Gohan and Kuririn what happened, and urges them to attack his body with everything they have. Ginyu cannot properly control his body, so they should be able to beat him. Ginyu does not believe this, but Goku doubts Ginyu can bring out even half of his power. Ginyu powers up and asks Jheese to read his battle power: a mere 23,000. Kuririn attacks, and Ginyu chastises Jheese for staying on the sidelines, but Vegeta has other ideas about who Jheese should fight.[28] While Kuririn and Gohan easily dominate Ginyu, Vegeta does the same with his quarry. Jheese does not understand how Vegeta was able to hide, but Vegeta tells him they rely too much on scouters. He volunteers to reveal his true power and advises Jheese to watch his scouter. After seeing Vegeta's reading, Jheese destroys his scouter, insisting that it is broken. Vegeta knows Jheese does not really believe that. He reminds Jheese that he is not as soft as Son Goku. After one kick and one punch, he kills Jheese with a ki attack. Goku again complains that it was unnecessary to kill him. Then Vegeta attacks Ginyu, easily defeating him, too. As Vegeta moves in for the kill, Ginyu prepares to do the Body Change once more.[29]
Goku realizes this is his opportunity to get his body back, so he moves quickly to intercept the Change beam. The body transfer is successful, but Vegeta does not know what is going on; he has never seen the Body Change technique. Goku's body is so injured, he cannot move. As Ginyu performs the Body Change one more time, Goku sees a frog nearby. He grabs it and tosses it in the path of the beam. Ginyu's body hops away. Goku laughs and comments on how badly Vegeta injured his body, and then he explains what happened. Vegeta is amused, but he does not intend to let that frog get away alive. Goku asks Vegeta to let him go, though, so Vegeta decides that this is a fitting fate for Ginyu, after all. The frog hops away.[30] When everyone other than Goku and Freeza on Planet Namek is wished to Planet Earth, a frog is seen in their company...[31]
Dragon Ball Super
After nearly two decades living as a frog, Ginyu manages to steal the body of Tagoma, a Freeza Force member who had been Freeza's personal training partner, assisting him in gaining his golden form. After gaining Tagoma's body, Ginyu reintroduces himself to Freeza with a new special fighting pose, briefly recounting his life as a frog. Freeza orders him to make himself useful, so he quickly dispatches Tenshinhan, the Turtle Hermit, Piccolo, and Son Gohan.[8] When Son Goku and Vegeta appear, he returns to the battlefield to fight them, but he is quickly killed by Vegeta, who tells him that if he had stayed a frog, he would not have to die. Goku tells Vegeta that killing him was unnecessary, recalling his comments after Vegeta killed Reacoom, Butta,[22] and Jheese.[29] (Goku was not there when Vegeta killed Gurd.)[14] Thus Ginyu became the fifth and final Ginyu Special Force member to be killed by Vegeta.[9]
Additional Stories
The following stories, while only included in ancillary media such as video games, include notable storylines for the Ginyu Special Force....
Dragon Ball Z: Dramatic War in the Skies
IF Freeza Story
Freeza defeats Super Saiyan Goku and escapes Planet Namek with Ginyu... Cut to Freeza Planet No. 79 and somehow he's Mecha Freeza anyway and goes to Earth in search of Vegeta and Goku's son... Decides to bring Ginyu with him... Encounters Vegeta, tells him he killed the Super Saiyan... Vegeta thinks enough damage might have been done that he stands a chance... Freeza defeats Vegeta as a Super Saiyan (a conceit of the game's roster?); Ginyu confirms the son of Goku should be the last remaining Saiyan... Kuririn stalls for time while the rest of the group waits on the Dragon Balls... He stalled long enough for Porunga to be summoned and wish Goku back... Ginyu confirms that a giant battle power appeared and then immediately suppressed itself... Freeza meets Goku in West City, which he promptly blows up despite Goku saying they will fight in a different location... Freeza fights Goku and Gohan... Ginyu congratulates Freeza on his win... Freeza has Ginyu go out searching for the Dragon Balls with the radar he finds in the ruins of Capsule Corporation... 18 suddenly appears intent on killing Freeza... Dr. Gero is impressed by Freeza's strength, and is collecting the Dragon Balls on his own... Ginyu manages to collect four, but the other three are with someone else... Dr. Gero plans on luring them in and absorbing Ginyu's energy, and then take on Freeza... Freeza and Ginyu arrive, but are concerned there is no response on their scouter... Ginyu is absorbed by Gero, who goes out to challenge Freeza... Winning, Freeza gets all seven Dragon Balls and successfully summons Shenlong to wish for immortality (and he also gets his normal body back)... and Freeza's reign of terror continues on Earth against Piccolo and even Cell...
IF Ginyu Story
Story plays out like normal for a while with Goku's battle with Ginyu, body change, Ginyu returns to Gohan and Kuririn, Vegeta challenges him, swapped with a frog... Ginyu somehow rescues Freeza and arrives on Earth with him, only to be challenged by Trunks.... Ginyu defeats Trunks and is then challenged by Vegeta... Ginyu sets off to find the Dragon Balls, and comes across Kuririn, who has the Dragon Radar... Ginyu then comes across Dr. Gero who is also out searching for the Dragon Balls, who has No. 18 fight for him... Gero flees... a few hours later, Ginyu has four of the balls... comes across two more, which was a trap Dr. Gero made to lure Ginyu out with his four balls... defeats Gero, brings the six balls to Freeza and sets out for the final one... comes across Piccolo and Gohan for a two-on-two battle... After winning, Freeza gives Ginyu one of the three wishes for his service... Ginyu resurrects the other four members... the Dragon Balls disappear, much to Freeza's confusion... Furious, Freeza attacks Ginyu... Ginyu holds him off, but Freeza throws a blast into the planet, destroying Earth. The group (somehow all unscathed) return to one of Freeza's planets, note that after Yardrat their next target is Metamor...
Dragon Ball Z: Sparking! NEO
Zarbon story... TBD...
Dragon Ball: Raging Blast
Ginyu Special Force holds an audition for new members... Dodoria... Zarbon... etc... Vegeta wins...
Dragon Ball Kai: Ultimate Butōden
TBD
Dragon Ball: Ultimate Blast
TBD
Dragon Ball Online
TBD
Dragon Ball XENOVERSE
TBD
Dragon Ball XENOVERSE 2
TBD
Dragon Ball FighterZ
TBD
Dragon Ball Fusions
TBD
Production
Akira Toriyama conceived of the Ginyu Special Force as a reaction to the ever-increasing strength of the Dragon Ball series' protagonists...
Having become the strongest on the Earth, Goku and co. had also beat the Saiyans who came from outside of Earth and then they went out into the universe. I came up with Freeza around the time of the Bubble, and the land shark was the worst person of all. So I made him the #1 land shark in the universe. But merely escalating the enemies was a pain, so I brought out the Ginyu Special Force. My son really loved sentai stuff, and I always watched it with him. Well, I brought that in. It's put out by Toei, same as the Dragon Ball Z anime. (laughs)
— Akira Toriyama, "Akira Toriyama Super Interview" (Dragon Ball Daizenshuu 2: Story Guide)[32]
No need to quote this one, but it's another citation for the same information, and worth including as such - https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-3-akira-toriyama-super-interview/
The pun scheme for the team was developed before the actual character designs:
I'm good at, or rather, I like, giving names to characters. Putting them into groups... well, with the Ginyu Special Force, though, it wasn't until after deciding that "this time, I'll go with dairy products" that I came up with the characters.
— Akira Toriyama, "AKIRA TORIYAMA WITH DRAGON BALL" (Kanzenban Official Guide: Dragon Ball Forever)
TO BUILD CITATION - https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/dragon-ball-forever-dragon-ball-toriyama/
With regard to the design of the individual Ginyu Special Force members, Toriyama...
And when coming up with new characters, I try to go with types I haven't drawn much before. Like with the Ginyu Special Force, my kids were little at the time and were really into sentai heroes, so I thought: "Hey, those are interesting." It was real easy, since their uniforms would obviously be the same pattern as what the rest of Freeza's army had on. It wasn't too different than what all the mooks wore. So all I had to do was put five guys together and call them a "Special Force". (laughs)
— Akira Toriyama, "Akira Toriyama Interview: Dragon Ball and Akira Toriyama" (Dragon Ball 30th Anniversary Super History Book)
TO BUILD CITATION - https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/dragon-ball-super-history-book-akira-toriyama-interview/
References
- ↑ [citation needed]
- ↑ "Dragon Ball" 真実〜トリヤマはこう考えていたよスペツヤルーパート２. Dragon Ball Super Exciting Guide: Character Volume. Japan: Shueisha, 03 April 2009. ISBN 4-08-874804-7. (p. 93)
"The Truth About the Dragon Ball Manga: 'Toriyama Thought of It Like This' Special, Part 2". Kanzenshuu. - ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 273: "The Terrible Ginyu Special-Squad". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #23. Japan: Shueisha, 08 May 1990.
- ↑ "Character Index". Dragon Ball Daizenshuu 7: Dragon Ball Large Encyclopedia. Japan: Shueisha, 05 February 1996. ISBN 4-08-782757-7. (pp. 62-63)
- ↑ "Attention!! A Super Announcement of 3 Great Jump Anime!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1991 #25. Japan: Shueisha, 28 May 1991. (p. 21)
- ↑ "Us Back Then". Dragon Ball Z II: The Violent God, Freeza!! Japan: Shueisha, 12 August 1991. JAN 4-8342-1020-2. (p. 73)
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 290: "Ginyu is Defeated!!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #40. Japan: Shueisha, 04 September 1990.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Change! An Impossible Revival! The Name's Ginyu!!". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 22. Japan: Fuji TV, 06 December 2015.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The Earth and Gohan in Dire Peril! Come Quick, Son Goku!!". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 23. Japan: Fuji TV, 13 December 2015.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 264: "The Eldest's House". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #13. Japan: Shueisha, 27 February 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 253: "One Village's Battle". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #01/02. Japan: Shueisha, 05 December 1989.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 270: "Premonitions of a Great War". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #19. Japan: Shueisha, 10 April 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 273: "The Terrible Ginyu Special-Squad". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #23. Japan: Shueisha, 08 May 1990.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 274: "Gurd's Psychic Powers". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #24. Japan: Shueisha, 15 May 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 275: "Vegeta's Quick Attack!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #25. Japan: Shueisha, 22 May 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 276: "No Hope for Vegeta". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #26. Japan: Shueisha, 29 May 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 277: "Freeza Laughs". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #27. Japan: Shueisha, 05 June 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 278: "Son Gohan Dies?!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #28. Japan: Shueisha, 12 June 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 279: "The Mysterious Son Goku". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #29. Japan: Shueisha, 19 June 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 280: "Super Saiyan?!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #30. Japan: Shueisha, 26 June 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 281: "Showdown!! Jheese and Butta". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #31. Japan: Shueisha, 03 July 1990.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 282: "Vegeta's Complex Mind". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #32. Japan: Shueisha, 10 July 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 283: "Captain Ginyu Takes the Field!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #33. Japan: Shueisha, 17 July 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 284: "Captain Ginyu's Pride". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #34. Japan: Shueisha, 24 July 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 285: "The Eldest and Co. in Danger". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #35. Japan: Shueisha, 31 July 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 286: "Nail, Warrior of Namek". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #36. Japan: Shueisha, 07 August 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 287: "The Body Change". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #37. Japan: Shueisha, 11 August 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 288: "Goku or Ginyu?!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #38. Japan: Shueisha, 21 August 1990.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 289: "Ginyu's Painful Miscalculation!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #39. Japan: Shueisha, 28 August 1990.
- ↑ Toriyama, Akira. Dragon Ball Chapter 290: "Ginyu is Defeated!!!". Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1990 #40. Japan: Shueisha, 04 September 1990.
- ↑ "Let's Get It On!! Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 102. Japan: Fuji TV, 07 August 1991.
- ↑ "Akira Toriyama Super Interview". Dragon Ball Daizenshuu 2: Story Guide. Japan: Shueisha, 04 August 1995. ISBN 4-08-782752-6. (p. 264)
"Akira Toriyama Super Interview: 2nd Round — The Unpredictable Story". Kanzenshuu. Retrieved: 03 May 2020.